- Kinds
of Error Analysis
Brown (2000: 224) states that there are two main
sources of errors, namely, interlingual errors
and intralingual errors. Interlingual
(Interference ) Errors
are those errors
that are traceable to first
language interference. These errors are attributable to negative interlingual
transfer. The term "interlingual was
first introduced by Selinker. He used this term to refer to the systematic
knowledge of an L2 which is independent of both the learner's L1 and the target
language
a. Interlingual
Errors
Based on Barzegar (2013: 323) Interlingual errors
result from the
transfer of phonological,
morphological, grammatical, lexico-semantic, and stylistic elements of
the learners’s mother tongue to the
learning of the target language.
There is no difference or contrast present between
the two languages. The learner can simply transfer a sound, structure, or lexical
item from the native language to the target language. It will explain some
reasons why interlingual errors appear. It is divided into 5 levels.
1) Level
1-Coalescence. Here, two items in the native language become coalesced into
essentially one item in the target language.
2) Level
2- Under differentiation. It refers to items in the native language which are
absent in the target language. It is better if the learner avoids those items.
3) Level
3-Reinterpretation. In this level, an item that exists in the native language
is given a new shape or distribution.
4) Level
4-Over differentiation. The learner must learn an entirely new item, which is
little similar to the native language. It is something to do with the forms and
meanings.
5) Level
5-Split. The learner makes new distinction because one item in the native
language becomes two or more in the target language. Split is part of
coalescence.
b. Intralingual Errors
Hanna (1986: 78-79) Intralingual errors are those
due to the language being learnt (target language), independent of the native
language. Interlingual errors are also
called transfer or interference errors. Intralingual and
developmental errors are
due to the
difficulty of the second/target
language. Intralingual and
develop-mental factors include the following:
1) Simplification: Learners
often choose simple
forms and constructions instead
of more complex
ones. An example of
simplification might involve
the use of simple
present instead of the present
perfect continuous.
2) Overgeneralization: This
is the use of one
form or construction
in one context
and extending its
application to other contexts
where it should
not apply.
3) Hypercorrection: Sometimes
the zealous efforts of teachers in correcting
their students' errors
induce the students
to make errors in
otherwise correct forms this
type of error "induced
errors."
4) Faulty teaching:
Sometimes it happens
that learners' errors are
teacher-induced ones, i.e.,
caused by the
teacher, teach-ing materials,
or the order
of presentation. This
factor is closely related
to hypercorrection above.
Also, it is interesting to
note that some
teachers are even
influenced by their pupils' errors in the course of long teaching.
5) Fossilization: Some
errors, specially errors
in pronunciation, persist
for long periods
and become quite
difficult to get rid
of.
6) Avoidance: Some
syntactic structures are
difficult to produce by
some learners. Consequently,
these learners Second Language Learning Errors avoid these
structures and use instead
simpler structures. Arab ESL
learners avoid the passive voice
while Japanese learners avoid
relativization in English.
7) Inadequate learning:
This is mainly
caused by ignorance
of rule restrictions or
under differentiation and incomplete learning. An
example is omission
of the third person singular s as
in: He want.
8) False concepts
hypothesized: Many learners'
errors can be attributed to wrong hypotheses formed by
these learners about the target
language. For example,
some learners think that
is is the
marker of the present
tense. So, they produce:
He is talk
to the teacher.
Similarly, they think that
was is the
past tense marker.
Hence they say:
It was happened last night.
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