- Concept of Grammatical
Error
Teaching of grammar is a much debated topic in language
learning. Different expert have given different opinion about teaching of
grammar. According some, the
language cannot be
learnt without studying
of grammar of
the language. Nevertheless, some
people say that the students who study grammar are often able to solve grammar
exercise, but do not write correct speech (Patel and Jain, 2008: 141).
In Indonesia, traditional
grammar can still
be found in
some language classrooms. The
teaching of grammar
tends to use
repetitions and rote
drills. These activities can make the students get bored easily and
uninteresting with the grammar teaching. This
does not mean
that there is
no place for
drills, but drills should
be used in
a meaningful and
purposeful way (Larsen-Freeman, 1991
in Puspitasari, 2011: 174). Furthermore, teachers have to find any
techniques to keep children to concentrate to the teaching, to make them enjoy
the lesson and to have fun and amusement.
Based on Mohaghegh et. al (2011: 877) the most frequent
types of errors
he found were
tenses, articles,
prepositions, word order,
morphology, syntax, and lexis. In addition Andrews et. al (2004: 8)
Grammar refers, as far as the present project is concerned, to written sentence
and text grammars. It includes the study
of syntax (rules governing word order), clause and phrase structure, and the
classification of parts of speech (e.g. noun, verb, etc.), and issues regarding
the cohesion and coherence of whole texts.
It can be both descriptive, in that it describes the existing patterns
of sentences and texts; and, in sentence terms, also generative or
transformative, in that rules can be defined which can generate grammatically
acceptable sentences (the transformation being from basic deep structural
rules, through to actual sentences).
The
examples of the
grammatical errors that
are found in
the students’ writing:
a. Sentence
Pattern
Subject is the word that tells you who or what
performed the action of the verb. Almost all English sentences contain a
subject (S) and a verb (V). The verb may
or may not be followed by an object (O).
This means that the Subject comes before the Verb, which comes before the
Object.
Verb is a
word or phrase
that describes an
action, condition or experience. Verbs that are not followed by
an object are called “intransitive verbs.”
Common intransitive verbs:
agree, arrive, come,
cry, exist, go, happen, live, occur, rain, rise, sleep,
stay, walk. Verbs that are followed by an object are called “transitive verb.”
Common transitive verbs: build, cut,
find, like, make, need,
send, use, want.
Some verbs can
be either intransitive
or transitive. Transitive; A student studied. Intransitive; A student
studied books. Subjects and
objects of verbs
are nouns (or
pronouns). Examples of nouns: person, place, thing, John)
b. Tense
Tense in English
identifies when an event happens
or describes a state. The simple past indicates that an
activity or situation began an ended at a
particular time in
the past. We
use past tense to
describe and narrate
an event or situation that occurred in the past and is over. For
example: “When I was twelve, I broke my leg. I slipped on the playground on a
cold winter morning and fell. The bone near my ankle snapped with a loud “pop!”
Even my
friends heard it.
The teachers called
my parents, who
came quickly. . . . “
c. Pronoun
A
pronoun is a
word that is
used in the
place of a noun or
noun phrase. Usually when a noun or noun phrase has been used once, a
pronoun is used to avoid repetition of the same noun or noun phrase. Personal
pronouns.
Personal pronouns are words such as: First
person pronouns, example
words that represent
or include the speaker or writer. Singular : I, me, my, mine and Plural : we, us, our, ours. Second person
pronouns, example words
that represent the
person or people who is/are being
addressed. Singular : you, your, yours
and Plural : you, your, yours. Third
person pronouns, example words that represent people or things other than the
speaker/writer and the listener/reader. Singular : he, him, his, she, her, it, its Plural : they, them, their, theirs
d. Preposition
Preposition
have been called the biggest little words in English. They are usually
quite short and significant looking, but
they have very important functions. Prepositions are always
followed by nouns (or pronouns). They are connective words
that show the
relationship between the
nouns following them and
one of the
basic sentence element:
subject, verb, object,
or compliment. They usually
indicate relationships, such
as position, place, direction time,
manner, agent, possession,
and condition, between
their objects and other parts of the sentence.
e. Punctuation
and Spelling
Punctuation
is the use
of special marks
that you add
to writing to separate phrases and sentences, to show
that something is a question, etc. While Spelling words
in English can be difficult
for learners because sometimes a
word is very
similar to a
word in their
own language but is
not spelled the
same
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